Become a better baker by learning the similarities and differences between baking powder vs. baking soda. In this article and accompanying video tutorial, you’ll learn why and when to use one or the other (or both!), in easy-to-understand language—no chemistry degree required!
If you’ve ever wondered about the difference between baking powder and baking soda, and why some recipes call for one or both, you’ve come to the right place. Understanding the science behind this simple question is essential to your baking recipes turning out as expected.
Can I Substitute Baking Powder for Baking Soda (& Vice Versa)?
One of the most common baking questions I’m asked is whether you can substitute baking powder for baking soda. The simple answer is no. They’re both leaveners, whose primary function is to make baked goods rise in the oven, but they are chemically different.
If there is one thing that you take away from today’s lesson, let it be this: baking powder and baking soda are not the same, and you should not substitute one for the other in a recipe.
5 Min. Video: Baking Powder vs Baking Soda
What Are Leaveners?
Baking powder and baking soda are both chemical leavening agents. You use leavening agents—or leaveners—in baking because they help the dough or batter to rise and expand. These two white powders are both made from the chemical sodium bicarbonate, which, when combined with an acid, produces carbon dioxide (CO2). That gas is what lifts up your baked goods in the oven.
(FYI: Some examples of natural leavening agents are yeast, eggs, sourdough starter, and steam.)
What Is Baking Soda?
Let’s start with baking soda, aka bicarbonate of soda.
Baking soda is pure sodium bicarbonate, with nothing else added.
Do you remember the model volcano experiment from grade school science class, where you mix baking soda with vinegar and get an eruption of bubbles? When you mix baking soda, a BASE (pH value above 7), with vinegar, an ACID (pH value below 7), you get a chemical reaction: an eruption of bubbles. A product of this reaction is carbon dioxide.
The same reaction happens in our cookies, cakes, and muffins. When a recipe calls for baking soda, it usually calls for some type of ACID. Common acidic ingredients include buttermilk, brown sugar, yogurt, vinegar, cream of tartar, molasses, applesauce, honey, natural cocoa powder (not Dutch-process cocoa), and lemon juice.
You need this ACID in the recipe to react with the baking soda, which creates carbon dioxide and allows your baked good to rise. Like this no-yeast bread (soda bread), which gets all its lift from the chemical reaction between baking soda and buttermilk.
Baking soda also helps baked goods brown better by raising the pH level of the batter. Creating a more alkaline environment speeds up the chemical reaction that happens between sugars and amino acids in the presence of heat, which causes browning and develops flavor. In fact, it’s part of the reason we boil homemade soft pretzels in a baking soda bath before baking. Pale pretzels aren’t nearly as appetizing!
Baking soda is about 3–4 times stronger than baking powder, so you don’t need as much. More baking soda in a recipe doesn’t necessarily mean more lift. You want to use *just enough* to react with the amount of acid in the recipe. Too much baking soda and not enough acid to neutralize it will give your baked goods a metallic, soapy aftertaste.
A good rule of thumb for baking is to use around 1/4 teaspoon of baking soda per 1 cup (125g) of flour.
What Is Baking Powder?
Now let’s talk about baking powder.
Baking powder is a mix that contains baking soda, as well as a dry acid to neutralize it—typically cream of tartar—and sometimes cornstarch (a drying agent).
Because baking powder already contains an acid to neutralize its sodium bicarbonate, it is most often used when a recipe does not call for an additional acidic ingredient, like sugar cookies or scones.
However, this isn’t always the case. You can still use baking powder as the leavening agent in recipes calling for an acidic ingredient, particularly when you want the flavor of the acidic ingredient to shine through, like in a lemon pound cake.
Because it’s a mix, baking powder isn’t as strong as baking soda. A good rule of thumb is to use around 1 teaspoon of baking powder per 1 cup (125g) of flour.
What Is Double-Acting Baking Powder?
Most baking powder sold today is “double acting.” This means that the first leavening occurs when baking powder gets wet—like when you combine the dry and wet ingredients in the recipe.
The second leavening occurs when the baking powder is exposed to heat. This is why it’s usually best to bake a batter right away—because the baking powder has already been activated.
An exception to this rule is pancakes, when I recommend letting the batter sit for a few minutes before cooking. You want to give the first activation a little time to start working before you add heat, to get those bubbles going so your pancakes rise up nice and fluffy in only a few minutes on the hot griddle.
Why Do Some Recipes Call for Both Baking Soda and Baking Powder?
The simplest answer is that sometimes you need more leavening than you have acid available.
If a recipe contains an acid, like the sour cream in my vanilla cupcakes recipe, but the carbon dioxide created from the acid + baking soda is not enough to leaven the volume of batter, we need to add baking powder as well, for necessary lift.
Another example for using both is my buttermilk pancakes recipe. In this recipe, you use buttermilk partly for its tangy flavor. If we used only baking soda, it could neutralize all of the buttermilk’s acid and we’d lose that tanginess! However, by including baking powder as well (which has its own acid), some of the buttermilk’s flavor is left behind, and there is still enough leavening for fluffy pancakes.
Another reason to use both baking powder and baking soda is because in addition to causing the baked good to rise and expand, they also affect both flavor and browning.
Let Me Show You the Difference
To demonstrate the importance of using the right amount and type of leavener in your baking recipes, I made 3 batches of vanilla cupcakes.
- I made the cupcakes as written, with 3/4 teaspoon of baking powder and 1/4 teaspoon of baking soda, which is the perfect balance for this batter.
- I made the cupcakes with 1 teaspoon of baking powder. It didn’t brown enough, and it baked up short and squat because it didn’t rise enough because baking powder isn’t as strong as baking soda. The texture was gummy and dense.
- I made the cupcakes with 1 teaspoon of baking soda. You can see that it browned too much, and also sank in the middle because the baking soda is too strong and there wasn’t enough acid in the batter to neutralize it. And—you’ll have to take my word for this—it tasted AWFUL!
Follow the recipe as written with the combination of baking powder and baking soda for simply perfect vanilla cupcakes. 🙂
Make Sure They’re Fresh
No matter which leavener you’re using in your baking recipe, I recommend replacing baking powder and soda every 3 months, to make sure they’re fresh.
If you don’t bake often, you may need to test your baking powder and soda for effectiveness before using.
How to Test Baking Powder for Freshness
To test baking powder, pour 3 Tablespoons of warm water into a small bowl. Add 1/2 teaspoon of baking powder. Give it a stir. The mixture should moderately fizz if the baking powder is effective.
How to Test Baking Soda for Freshness
To test baking soda, pour 3 Tablespoons of white distilled vinegar into a small bowl. Add 1/2 teaspoon of baking soda. Give it a light stir. The mixture should rapidly bubble if the baking soda is effective.
Key Takeaways:
- Baking soda is pure sodium bicarbonate. Use baking soda when the recipe calls for an acidic ingredient.
- Baking powder contains baking soda, plus other ingredients, including a dry acid. Use baking powder when there’s no additional acidic ingredient in the recipe.
- If your recipe calls for both baking soda and baking powder, there’s a reason for that, so be sure to follow the recipe.
- Both leaveners are initially activated when combined with wet ingredients, so bake right away, unless your recipe instructs otherwise.
- Keep it fresh: Replace your leaveners 3 months after opening.
Remember that baking is science and it takes practice, trial and error, and the willingness to learn in order to succeed. If you’re interested in learning more, head on over to the Baking Tips section of my website. Here are just a few of the many helpful articles and video tutorials you will find there:
Reader Comments and Reviews
I am confused… you said the rule of thumb is 1 tsp of baking powder per 1 cup of flour, but your sugar cookie recipe calls for 2 1/4 C flour and only 1/2 tsp of baking powder?
Hi Maranda! There are exceptions, of course, and one of those is sugar cookies whose shape is imperative. Too much baking powder = cookies will puff up and lose their shape.
Excellent explanation!!
Great explanation! A quick comment–you don’t need to toss your old baking powder and baking soda. Both are still good as cleaning products. I use my old baking soda to get tea and other stains off of my dishes and to scour baking sheets with baked on grease. Even old baking powder can be used to clean pots and pans with the addition of a bit of vinegar. Waste not!
Thanks for the great tip, Sandra!!
This is fantastic! Thanks for pulling it all together like this!
Wow! You did an amazing job explaining this! I love baking and I love chemistry. It is wonderful to understand what purpose each ingredient serves. Thank you!
This is amazing! Thank you!! I am a science geek and I think that having this knowledge helps us all become better bakers!!
Great explanation–thank you! I can now play around with a recipe and feel like I know what I am doing and why.
A long time ago, I leaned the hard way that there is a big difference between baking soda and baking powder. By not paying close attention to my recipe, I used one when I should have used the other, and the result was an inedible pan of cornbread–served to company, no less! After making another cornbread recipe this week that tasted unpleasant, I decided to get to the bottom of this b.s. versus b.p. issue, so I googled it, found your site along with answers to my questions. Thanks for taking the time to shed some light on these two essential baking products that most of us know nothing about!
I really think I finally understand! Thank you so much. This question bugs me constantly. Same recipe , one ingredient different! I then spend hours on the internet trying to find as many recipes that are most alike – yes it’s extremely time consuming and I still don’t know for sure what to use! This article explained it so well that I believe I finally have it down.Of course Im also saving this page and site just in case I forget. Thank you so very much for the information and in understandable text. You’ve just helped my love of baking immensely and I thank you! Ill be checking back time and again for more tips or if I have a question. Especially with the baking season upon us!! Thank you Sally and I hope you keep giving us answers!!
Well, this changes everything! Thank you for one of the most enlightening—if not the most enlightening—revelations about the mysterious workings of leavening I’ve ever read, and written in general reader terms no less. I (and my future muffins, quick breads, cookies, and you-name-its) are very sincerely forever in your debt!
Wow, this was actually VERY helpful. I myself am an amateur baker, and I love it sooo much! It’s my favorite thing to do (besides eat em;) haha) but I always want to improve my baking skills and learn to make up my own recipes and I know the leavening is a big part of being able to do that. This was a big help! I’ve a real passion for baking and that won’t ever change, but maybe my recipes will ;D thanks for the tips Sally, keep ’em comin’ 🙂
Thanks for the VERY clear and complete explanation of the differences between baking powder and baking soda. I just made a batch of apricot white chocolate chip cookies (which I have made many times before) and mistakenly used powder instead of soda – oops. They came out rather dense and your write up helped me understand why. Your chemistry lesson about acids and bases with examples was truly enlightening! And especially the info about the difference in strength between soda and powder. I get it!!!! Yay!! Somewhere in the back of my head, I had heard about the importance of balance in baking, but the information was given so long ago, there was just no hope of retrieving it. Never knew brown sugar was an acid. Live and learn. Thanks for a terrific post!
Thank you so much – this was immensely helpful 🙂
This is a great resource for baking! I have looked at other websites to get information on the differences between sodas and powders and your blog really explains it the best!
Oh my gosh, Sally I am pinning this to my Kitchen Hacks board because it is a post I am sure I’ll be referencing time and time again down the road. I think you ought to do a guest appearance on Alton Brown’s show on Food Network… I don’t even know if that show is still on since we haven’t had Food Network channel in quite some time but I loved all that I learned from watching it when my youngest was just a baby.
I LOVED this post Sally!! Definitely have always wanted to know this!!
Sally, I absolutely LOVE your technical, scientific baking posts. Breaking it down into layman’s terms can be difficult, but you are very good at explaining. Baking is a science, and there is always a method to our “madness.” Because I’m a geophysicist, I appreciate the technical aspects of baking and enjoy it WAY more than making meal food…
Such a great, informative, and helpful post!! Thank you!
You must have read my mind! Haha Just yesterday, I was baking a peanut butter sheet cake and almost used powder instead of baking soda and after that my mind went into tangles trying to figure out exactly why I couldn’t use one instead of the other. Always learn something new!
Your side explanations of your recipes are the reason I can now skim a recipe and know if I want to try it or not. 🙂 I love understanding things better – so helpful!
Hi Sally,
I really enjoyed this post. LOVE the nerdy/sciency stuff!! I’ve learned a lot from you & your blog already & hope to continue learning…. Thanks so much! Getting ready to make your blueberry scones in a minute….. 🙂
Thank you, Sally! These tips are so interesting and helpful. I love learning about the ingredients, rather than just throwing them in and hoping the end product turns out! 🙂
I never learned the difference between baking soda and baking powder untill now. Thanks for the lesson. I hope to learn more new things besides the recipes from you. You’re such a good help to us.
Thank you for this!!! I’ve always wondered what the difference was and you explained it perfectly! I finally bought your first cookbook (been following you blog for a year now) and my son and I can’t pick what to make first! So excited!!
Thanks for this Sally! I found it quite helpful, despite the fact that I’m someone who bakes a lot and pretty much always knows what’s going on. The one thing I never change about a recipe until after baking it a first time is the leavener — disasters can happen that way :/
Great post! I’m trained as a chemist, so I appreciate the science talk! Although I understand acid-base chemistry when it comes to chemicals/drugs, that somehow doesn’t translate to cooking & baking for me. However, I’ve found that I enjoy being in the kitchen, so I’m trying to learn–this post is very helpful!
I learned something new today – thank you! I love enlightening things like this!
I love learning more about the science of baking! I’ve learned about this difference before but have never really understood it until you explained it, thanks! I’ll be looking out for more baking basics posts!